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Android (Sistema Operasaun)

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Android mak móvel operasaun sistema ida ne ' ebé dezenvolve hosi Google, bazeia ba Linux kernel no dezeña prinsipalmente ba touchscreen devices móvel hanesan smartphones no galaxy. Eletrónikus uzuáriu android nian prinsipalmente bazeia ba manipulasaun direta, ne ' ebé uza mss fuan sira-ne ' ebé vagamente koresponde ba bein-mundu asaun, hanesan swiping, tapping no pinching, ba buat ruma atu kontrola on-screen objetu, hamutuk ho keyboard virtual ida ba testu input. Aleinde touchscreen devices, Google tan dezenvolve tiha ona Android TV ba televizaun ne'e, Auto Android ba karreta no Android ida Taka ba wrist watches, ida-idak ho eletrónikus uzuáriu espesializada ida. Variants Android uza mós kona-ba notebooks, game consoles, cctv dijitál maior parte, no seluk eletrónika.

Android iha baze instalasaun boot liu hotu-hotu operasaun sistema (OS) kualkér. Android sai di'ak liu ne ' ebé fa'an OS kona-ba galaxy, hahú husi tinan 2013, no kona-ba smartphones mak domina husi kualkér metric.[1][2]

-Ne ' ebé Android, Inc., ne ' ebé Google sosa iha tinan 2005, hahú dezenvolve Android mak unveiled iha tinan 2007, hamutuk ho hahú Loke Handset Aliansa nian – konsórsiu hardware, software, no oras empreza determina atu avansa ba oin padraun sira ne ' ebé nakloke ba devices móvel. Iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2013, loja Google sira Halo ona tokon ida Android kandidatura ("apps") publika – inklui barak "negósiu terseira klase apps" ne ' ebé rival plataforma móvel kompetisaun entre – no liu billaun 50 kandidatura relatoriu. Ida fulan Abril – Maiu 2013 levantamentu kona-ba aplikasaun móvel developers hetan 71% developers ne ' ebé kria ona rekerimentu ba Android, no levantamentu tinan 2015 nian ida ne ' ebé hetan katak 40% hosi totál developers profisionál haree Android hanesan sira-nia prioridade alvu plataforma, ne ' ebé mak bele halo komparasaun ba iOS Apple nian kona-ba 37% ho plataforma rua ne'e aas liu dook ema seluk. Iha fulan Setembru tinan 2015, Android iha billaun 1.4 devices ativu fulan-fulan.  [3]

Kódigu fonte android nian ne'e lansa husi Google tuir fonte nakloke lisensa, maske maioria devices Android ikus mai ró-ahi ho teatru ida kona-ba fonte sira ne ' ebé nakloke no software compete, ne ' ebé inklui software compete ne ' ebé presiza atu hetan asesu ba servisu Google. Android mak populár ho empreza teknolojia ne ' ebé ezije ready-made, kustu ki'ik no customizable operasaun sistema ida ba devices tech aas. Ninia natureza ne ' ebé loke ona enkoraja komunidade ida ne ' ebé boot developers no enthusiasts atu uza kódigu fonte-nakloke hanesan hun ba mai husi komunidade tanba projetu sira, ne ' ebé halo aktualizasaun ba devices boot, aumenta karakterístika foun ba uzuáriu sira ne ' ebé avansadu ka halo Android devices ne ' ebé orijinalmente shipped ho sistema operasaun sira seluk. Susesu Android halo ida-neʼe ida alvu ba litigasaun patent (no direitu autór) hanesan parte husi, neʼebé ema bolu nuʼudar "smartphone funu" entre empreza teknolojia .[4][5]

History

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Former Android logo wordmark (2007-2014)

Android, Inc. ne'e harii iha Palo Alto, California iha fulan-Outubru tinan 2003 husi Andy Rubin (fundadór kooperasaun kona-ba Perigu), Rich Miner (fundadór ko-Wildfire Komunikasaun, Inc.), Nick Sears (dala ida VP iha T-Móvel), no Chris White (xefia konsepsaun no eletrónikus dezenvolvimentu iha WebTV) atu dezenvolve, iha Rubin sira-nia liafuan, "smarter móvel devices ne ' ebé mak hatene liu kona-ba ninia proprietáriu nian fatin no preferénsia". Intensaun sedu ba empreza sira atu dezenvolve sistema operasaun avansada ida ba cctv dijitál maior parte. Maibé, kuandu hatene katak merkadu devices ne ' ebé mak la sufisiente, empreza diverted esforsu kona-ba realizasaun smartphone operasaun sistema ida ne ' ebé sei rival Symbian no Microsoft Kona Móvel. Maski accomplishments kotuk fundadór no funsionáriu sira ne ' ebé sedu, Android Inc. hala'o subasubar deʼit, fó sai de'it ne ' ebé nia servisu kona-ba instalasaun sira ba uzu ba telefoni. Tinan ne ' ebé hanesan, Rubin halai sai husi osan. Steve Perlman, belun besik ho Rubin, lori ba nia $10,000 iha osan iha pakote ida, no lakohi ai-riin Hotu ne ' ebé klaru iha empreza.[6]

Iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2005, Google hetan Android Inc. ba 50 tokon $, funsionáriu xave ninian, ne ' ebé inklui Rubin, Miner no Mutin, hela iha kompañia depois sosa. Barak la hatene neʼe kona-ba Android Inc. iha tempu, maibé barak asume katak Google halo planu atu tama iha merkadu telemóvel, ho movimentu ida ne'e. Iha Google, ekipa ne ' ebé lidera husi Rubin dezenvolve pesoal móvel plataforma powered husi Linux kernel. Google marketed plataforma handset na'in no karreira kona-ba promesa fó sistema ida ne ' ebé fleksivel, upgradeable. Google ona bá oin-oin kona-ba parseiru komponente no software hardware no signaled ba karreira ne'e nakloke ba oin-oin-oin kooperasaun kona-ba sira-nia parte. [7][8][9]

Espekulasaun kona-ba intensaun Google nian ne ' ebé atu tama iha merkadu komunikasaun móvel sira kontinua halo liu hosi fulan-Dezembru tinan-2006. Codenamed prototype uluk "Tama" iha resemblance ida ne ' ebé besik liu ba telefone BlackBerry ida, ho la touchscreen, no ida keyboard fíziku, QWERTY, maibé ne'e depois fila fali engineered atu apoia touchscreen ida, atu bele kompete ho devices announced seluk hanesan 2006 LG Prada no 2007 Apple iPhone. Iha fulan Setembru tinan 2007, InformationWeek kobre ida Evalueserve estudu relatoriu Google ona aprezenta kandidatura patent oin-oin iha área telephony móvel Clear All .[10][11]

Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin no Barra Hugo ne ' ebé iha tinan 2012 konferénsia imprensa ida hodi fó sai Google nian Nexus 7 ai-kabelak 

Iha loron 5, fulan Novembru tinan 2007, mak Loke Handset Aliansa, konsórsiu empreza teknolojia ne ' ebé inklui Google, pesoal manufacturers hanesan HTC, Sony no Tablet, karreira wireless hanesan Sprint Nextel no T-Móvel, no na'in chipset hanesan Qualcomm no Texas Instrumentu, unveiled rasik, ho objetivu ida atu dezenvolve padraun sira ne ' ebé nakloke ba devices móvel. Loron neʼe, Android mak unveiled hanesan ninia dahuluk, plataforma pesoal móvel ida ne ' ebé harii iha Linux kernel. Smartphone komersialmente dahuluk ne ' ebé suli Android ne'e Mehi HTC, fó sai iha loron 22 fulan-Outubru tinan 2008 [12]

Dezde 2008, Android haree ona aktualizasaun lubuk ida ne ' ebé iha incrementally diak liu tan sistema operasaun, aumenta karakterístika foun no estaka rasik bugs iha imprensa ne ' ebé uluk. Imprensa ida-idak ne ' ebé boot ida naran tuir orden alfabétika ida dessert ka trata sugary; porezemplu, versaun 1.5 "Cupcake" tuir kedas ho 1.6 "Donut". Iha tinan 2010, Google lansa tiha ona ninia Nexus oin-oin devices – liña smartphones no galaxy ne ' ebé suli ba sistema operasaun Android, no harii hosi parseiru manufatura. HTC servisu hamutuk ho Google atu husik livre ba dahuluk Nexus smartphone, Nexus Ida. Google ona tanba informa ba oin-oin ho devices foun sira, hanesan telefone Nexus 5 ne ' ebé (halo husi LG) no ba Nexus 7 ai-kabelak (halo husi Asus). Google releases selular Nexus no galaxy atu atua hanesan sira liuhusi emblema: Android devices, hodi hatudu Android nia ikus software no hardware karakterístika. Husi tinan 2013 to'o tinan 2015, Google oferese devices Edisaun Halimar Google oin-oin kona-ba Google sira Halo. Maske la lori Google Nexus ne ' ebé branding, sira-neʼe mak selular Android Google-liu, no mós katak, galaxy halai versaun ikus ba Android, livre husi retifika manufacturer ka karreira. 

Tinan 2010 to'o tinan 2013, Hugo Barra serbí nu'udar porta produtu, reprezenta Android iha konferénsia imprensa no Google I/O, Google nian foka developer konferénsia anuál. Barra nian produtu envolvimentu inklui ekosistema Android tomak kona-ba instalasaun no hardware, ne ' ebé inklui Honeycomb, Sandwich Ice Cream, Jelly Bean KitKat lansa sistema operasaun, smartphones Nexus 4 no Nexus 5, galaxy Nexus 7 no Nexus 10 no produtu seluk ne ' ebé relasiona ho hanesan Agora Google no Google Lian Peskiza, Google nia diskursu rekoñesimentu produtu ne ' ebé natoon atu Siri Apple nian. Iha tinan 2013, Barra husik hela ekipa Android ba smartphone Xina kria Xiaomi. Tinan ida ne'e, Larry Page fó sai iha postu blog katak Andy Rubin nia muda husi divizaun Android ba foti kona-ba projetu sira ne ' ebé foun iha Google. Nia mak troka husi Sundar Pichai ne ' ebé sai xefe Android no Chrome OS foun, no, liu tiha, Hiroshi Lockheimer kuandu Pichai CEO Google .[13]

Iha tinan 2014, Google lansa Android Ida, liña smartphones ne ' ebé prinsipalmente tarjetu ba kliente sira iha mundu hela dezenvolvimentu nia laran. Iha fulan-Maiu tinan 2015, Google anunsia Brillo Projetu ne ' ebé hanesan versaun Android ne ' ebé uza ninia nivel ki'ik (exklui eletrónikus uzuáriu), tesi tun ida destina ba "Internet kona-ba buat Neʼebé" (IoT) sistema ligasaun metin.

Universidade Cambridge peskiza iha tinan 2015, ne ' ebé konklui katak kuaze 90% hosi Android laiha telefone tiha ona iha uzu hatene ona maibé seguransa unpatched vulnerabilidade tanba la aktualizasaun sira no apoiu. Iha tinan ida, (meadus-tinan 2015) ne ' ebé mak hato'o, diʼak liu billaun ida ne ' ebé Android smartphones faʼan tiha ona (barak liu duké durante deʼit billion faʼan iha tinan-2014); no 5.0 Android (ho seguransa di'ak) no tuirmai, fila husi merkadu 5.4% fahe ba over ne ' ebé dadaun ne'e metade, ne'ebe liu ona signifika katak númeru 90% tenke tebes; agora provavelmente selular sira reprezenta menus hosi metade hosi selular Android hotu-hotu. Devices ne ' ebé foin halo aktualizasaun sira seguransa nian; Android 5.0 introdusaun sistema atualizasaun sentralizadu ne ' ebé di'ak liu ida [14][15]

Karakterístika

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Interface

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Android nia onorárius uzuáriu eletrónikus prinsipalmente bazeia ba manipulasaun direta, ne ' ebé uza input fuan sira-ne ' ebé vagamente koresponde ba bein-mundu asaun, hanesan swiping, tapping, pinching no pinching aleinde ba buat ruma atu kontrola on-screen objetu, hamutuk ho keyboard virtual ida. Controllers mós no keyboards fíziku full-size hetan suporta liuhusi Bluetooth ka USB. Responde ba uzuáriu sujestaun dezeina hodi sai imediatu no fornese eletrónikus instável fuan ida, no dala barak uza kapabilidade vibration kona-ba pesoal atu fornese komentáriu haptic ba uzuáriu. Hardware interna, hanesan accelerometers, gyroscopes no sensors besik sira uza husi aplikasaun balun hodi responde ba asaun uzuáriu adisionál sira, porezemplu ajusta tais husi portrait ba regular ne ' ebé depende ba oinsá ba pesoal mak orientada ne, ka permiti uzuáriu ba steer hanesan veíkulu iha mós racing ida husi rotativa pesoal, ne ' ebé simulating kontrolu nian ida naran ezekusaun wheel.[16]

Android devices boot ba homescreen, navegasaun primáriu no informasaun "sentru" kona-ba Android devices ne ' ebé ho desktop ne ' ebé hetan iha komputadór pesoal. (Android mós halai ba regulár pesoal komputadór, hanesan deskrebe iha kraik). Android homescreens ne'e normalmente kompostu hosi app icons no widgets; app icons lansamentu app asosiadu, konsidera katak widgets hatudu konteúdu moris, auto-hato'o, hanesan previzaun tempu, uzuáriu ninian email inbox ka ticker notísia ida diretamente kona-ba homescreen. Homescreen ida bele kompostu husi pájina oin-oin, ne ' ebé entre ne uzuáriu bele swipe fali no hakerek, maske Android nia homescreen eletrónikus customisable maka'as, permite uzuáriu atu ajusta haree no sente kona-ba devices ba tastes sira. Apps terseiru ne ' ebé disponivel iha Google Halimar no loja app seluk bele makaas tebes re-tema homescreen, no mós mimic haree kona-ba operasaun sistema sira seluk, hanesan Telefone Kona. Manufacturers barak, no karreira wireless balun, customise haree no sente kona-ba sira-nia devices Android ba diferensa sira-nia an hosi nia kompetitór sira. Kandidatura sira ne ' ebé atende interaksaun ho homescreen ne ' ebé iha naran "launchers" tanba sira, entre seluk tan, lansamentu ba kandidatura sira ne ' ebé ona kona-ba pesoal ida.

Tuir kedan ekran mak estatutu ida ordem dos, hatudu katak informasaun kona-ba pesoal, no nia ligasaun. Advogadu estatutu ida-ne'e bele hetan "dada-" atu hateten sai ekran notifikasaun ida ne'ebe apps hatudu informasaun sira ne ' ebé importante ka aktualizasaun sira, hanesan email hetan ne ' ebé foun ka SMS testu, iha maneira ida-ne ' ebé la imediatamente hapara ka inconvenience uzuáriu. Notifikasaun ne'e persistente to'o lee hosi tapping, ne ' ebé loke app relevante, ka demisaun husi sliding pontu ekran. Hahú iha Android 4.1, "habelar notifikasaun" bele hatudu detalle sira ne ' ebé aumenta ka functionality adisionál; porezemplu, player múzika ida bele hatudu playback kontrole, no ida notifikasaun "maka bolu" fornese buttons bolu fali, ka haruka mensajen SMS ida ba ema sira-ne'e. [17]

Android fornese kapasidade atu kandidatura sira ne ' ebé muda launcher onorárius, no tan neʼe nabilan no hahalok ne ' ebé visivel externally Android nian. Mudansa buat hirak-ne'e inklui ida pájina multi ne'e atraka ka la ne'e atraka, no barak liu tan mudansa ba karakterístika fundamentál sira kona-ba uzuáriu interfase.[18]

Kandidatura

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Applications ("apps"), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the Android software development kit (SDK) and, often, the Java programming language that has complete access to the Android APIs. Java may be combined with C/C++, together with a hili naun-onorárius runtimes ne ' ebé fó apoiu C++ di'ak liu; lian programming Bá mós hetan apoiu husi ninia versaun 1.4, ne ' ebé bele mós uza eskluzivamente ho lubuk ida ne ' ebé limitada husi Android APIs. SDK, inklui lubuk ida ne ' ebé komprensivu kona-ba dezenvolvimentu instrumentu, ne ' ebé inklui debugger ida, instalasaun biblioteka, emulator handset bazeia ba QEMU, dokumentasaun, kódigu amostra no tutorials. Uluk, ambiente dezenvolvimentu integradu apoia Google nian (IDE) mak Eclipse ne ' ebé uza ba plugin Instrumentu Dezenvolvimentu Android (ADT); iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2014, Google fó Studio Android, ne ' ebé bazeia ba IntelliJ IDEA, hanesan ninia IDE prinsipál ba dezenvolvimentu Android sira-nia aplikasaun. Instrumentu dezenvolvimentu seluk mak disponivel, ne ' ebé inklui ida dezenvolvimentu direitus kit (NDK) ba kandidatura ka inefetivu iha C ka C++, Google App Inventor, ambiente ida ne ' ebé visual ba novice programmers no oin-oin plataforma hakat web móvel kandidatura enkuadramentu. Iha fulan-Janeiru tinan 2014, Google unveiled kuadru ida ne ' ebé bazeia ba Apache Cordova ba porting Chrome HTML 5 web kandidatura ba Android, ne ' ebé falun ida shel direitus sira-nia aplikasaunl.[19]

Android iha selesaun ida ne ' ebé sa'e ba kandidatura terseiru nian, ne ' ebé bele sosa ho uzuáriu downloading no instaladóra ba aplikasaun APK (aplikasaun Android pakote) arkivu, ka hosi downloading sira uza sira-nia aplikasaun ida haloot programa sira-ne ' ebé utilizadór sira atu instala, atualiza no hasai tiha kandidatura hosi devices sira. Google Halimar Loja ne‟e loja prinsipál sira-nia aplikasaun ne ' ebé ona kona-ba devices Android ne ' ebé halo tuir rekerimentus kompatibilidade Google nian no fó lisensa ba projetu instalasaun Servisu Móvel Google. Google Halimar Loja ba utilizadór browse, download no atualiza kandidatura sira ne ' ebé publika hosi Google no terseiru developers; iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2013, iha viable kandidatura liu millaun ida ba Android iha Loja sira Halo. Iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2013, kandidatura biliaun 50 iha ona tiha ona. Karreira balun ne ' ebé oferese karreira direta faturamentu ba Google sira Halo aplikasaun kompras, iha kustu ba aplikasaun dehan tan ba uzuáriu ninian mensál projeitu lei ne'e.[20]

Tanba natureza nakloke Android nian, aplikasaun terseiru merkadu lubuk ida mós eziste Android, laʼós atu fornese substitutu ba devices ne ' ebé mak labele ró-ahi ho Loja Halimar Google, fornese kandidatura sira ne ' ebé la bele oferese ba Loja Halimar Google tanba violasaun polítika, ka tanba razaun sira seluk. Ezemplu kona-ba loja parte datoluk sira-ne'e inklui ona Amazon Appstore, GetJar no SlideMe. F-Droid, merkadu alternativa seluk, ne ' ebé buka atu fó de'it kandidatura sira ne ' ebé mak fahe ho livre no lokesource licenses.[21][22][23][24]

Jestaun memória

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Tanba Android devices normalmente battery-powered, Android mak dezeña hodi jere prosesu atu mantein poder konsumu minimu. Kuandu ida ne'e la uza iha sistema suspends nia funsionamentu tan katak, enkuantu disponivel ba uza imediata duké sei taka tiha, nia la uza battery podér no rekursu CPU Clear All.[25][26]

Android maneja kandidatura sira rai hela iha memória automatikamente: bainhira memória ki'ik, sistema ne'e sei hahú invisibly no automatikamente taka prosesu la ativu, ne ' ebé hahú ho sira-ne ' ebé mak la ativu ba parseria kontínuu. Lifehacker relata iha tinan 2011 no killers konjunta parte datoluk sira halo estragu barak liu duké di'ak.

Realidade virtual

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Iha Google I/O iha fulan-Maiu tinan 2016, Google anunsia Daydream, realidade virtual plataforma ida-ne ' ebé depende ba smartphone ida no fornese VR kapabilidade liu husi realidade virtual headset no controller ne ' ebé dezeña husi Google rasik ida. Plataforma ne'e harii iha Android hahú ho Android Nougat, no nia susár distinge husi standalone apoiu ba kapabilidade VR. Instalasaun ne ' ebé mak disponivel ba developers, no fó sai iha tinan 2016. 

Hardware

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HTC Mehi ou T-Móvel G1, pesoal fo-sai komersialmente dahuluk ne ' ebé suli Android (2008).

Plataforma hardware prinsipál ba Android mak LIMAN (ARMv7 no architectures ARMv8-A), ho x86 no architectures MIPS mós ofisialmente fó apoiu iha versaun ikus anteriór nian Android. Dezde 5.0 Android "Lollipop", 64-bit variants kona-ba plataforma sira ne ' ebé hotu-hotu hetan suporta aleinde variants 32 bit. Projetu Android-x86 unofficial ne ' ebé fó apoiu ba x86 architectures futuru ba ofisiál apoiu. Arkitetura MIPS mós hetan apoiu antes Google ne ' ebé halo. Iha tinan 2012, devices Android ho Intel processors hahú mosu, inklui uzu ba telefoni no galaxy. Kuandu nia hetan apoiu ba plataforma sira 64-bit, Android uluk halo halai kona-ba x86 64 bit no depois neʼe kona-ba ARM64.

Rekizitu ba montante RAM mínimu ba devices ne ' ebé halai Android 5.1 nivel husi MB 512 nian RAM ba normál refleta screens, atu besik GB 1.8 ba high-density screens. Rekomendasaun ba Android 4.4 ne ' ebé mak atu hetan pelumenus MB 512 RAM nian, enkuantu devices "RAM ki'ik" 340 MB mak montante mínimu presiza katak la inklui memória ne ' ebé dedika ba komponente hardware oin-oin hanesan baseband processor. Android 4.4 ezije ARMv7 32-bit ida, MIPS ka x86 arkitetura processor (rua ikus liu husi portu unofficial), hamutuk ho OpenGL ES 2.0 prosesamentu graphics kompatível unidade ida (GPU). Android apoia OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 no to'o iha ikus boot versaun, 3.2 no Vulkan. Aplikasaun balun bele esplisitamente ezije balu versaun ida OpenGL ES, no hardware GPU adekuadu sei presiza atu halai hirak ne'e nia aplikasaun s.[27]

Android devices enkuadra barak hardware opsionál komponente, ne ' ebé inklui nafatin ka cctv maior parte vídeo, GPS, orientasaun sensors, kontrole gaming ne, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximidade sensors, presaun sensors, thermometers, no touchscreens. Komponente hardware balu mak la presiza, maibé sira sai padraun iha devices, hanesan smartphones, sira-nia kategoria balu no rekizitu sira ne ' ebé adisionál aplika se ema ida-ne'e. Hardware seluk balun hetan ona, maibé rekizitu sira iha ona kriteria ka eliminasaun hamutuk. Porezemplu, hanesan Android mak dezenvolve ona hanesan telefone OS, hardware hanesan microphones mak presiza, no ba tempu funsaun telefone sai opsionál. Android ne ' ebé uza hodi ezije camera autofocus ida, ne ' ebé mak kriteria ba camera data-foku ida se ida-ne'e, dezde camera ne ' ebé mak tun no rekizitu hotu bainhira Android hahú uza iha kaixa nian lubuk-leten.

Aleinde halai ba smartphones no galaxy, fornesedores sira ne ' ebé oin-oin la'o Android natively hardware PC regulár ho keyboard no mouse. Hatutan tan ba sira nia disponibilidade ba hardware komersialmente, hanesan PC belun hardware versaun anteriór sira Android mak disponivel livre hosi projetu Android-x86, inklui 4.4 Android liu. Uza emulator Android ne ' ebé mak parte Android SDK, ka tanba sira uza BlueStacks ka Andy, Android bele mós la'o naun-natively x86. Empreza xina Nian sira harii PC no sistema operasaun móvel, Android, bazeia ba "kompete diretamente ho Windows Microsoft no Google Android". Akademia Xinés Enjeñaria nian ne ' ebé nota katak "liu ida dozen" empreza sira customising Android ne ' ebé tuir bandu xina Nian ida kona-ba uza 8 Kona ba governu PCs.[28][29][30]

Dezenvolvimentu

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Android green figure, next to its original packaging

Android dezenvolve iha privadu husi Google to'o ikus mudansa no aktualizasaun sira besik ona atu sai livre ona, iha espesialidade kódigu fonte mak disponível iha ema hotu nia oin. Kódigu fonte ida ne'e sei deit ne'ebe la muda iha devices selesionadu, normalmente Nexus devices oin-oin. Kódigu fonte ne'e, hodi adapta husi manufacturers ekipamentu original (OEMs) atu partisipa iha sira-nia hardware. Kódigu fonte android nian la inklui iha kondutór pesoal compete dala barak ne ' ebé presiza ba komponente hardware balu.[31]

Idistrito tinan 2007, ministériu Android matak mak dezeña ba Google husi graphic designer Irina Blok. Ekipa dezeñu ne'e diretamente ho projetu ida atu kria prestíjiu ida-ne ' ebé obriga identifiable ho inkluzaun espesífiku robot ida iha dezeñu finál. Hafoin lubuk ida dezeñu evolusaun bazeia ba siénsia-ficção no fatin filme, ekipa ikusmai buka inspirasaun husi símbolu umanu iha odamatan restroom no hatudu iha figura ba investimentu robot ida. Hanesan Android loke-mai, nia mak konkorda katak ministériu tenke nune‟e mós, no hahú kedas ninia lansamentu iha variasaun rihun ba rihun iha dezeñu orijinál reinterpreted ona ministériu matak[32]

Tabela atualizasaun

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Google fornese atualiza adisional ne ' ebé boot ba Android kada fulan neen ba sia, ho naran confectionery-pontu, ne 'ebé devices ne' ebé barac barak liu mak bele simu kona-ba anin. Imprensa liu husi barak liu mak Android 7.0 "Nougat".

Kompara ho ninia prinsipál rivaál móvel operasaun sistema, iOS, aktualizasaun Android normalmente to'o devices oin-oin ho atrazu sira ne ' ebé signifikativu. Exetu se devices ho preokupasaun Google Nexus hirak, aktualizasaun sira dala barak to'o fulan nia laran hafoin imprensa versaun foun, ka la iha ema hotu-hotu. Ida ne'e parsialmente tanba iha estensivu variedade konsideradu iha hardware nian devices Android, ne ' ebé-ne ' ebé realiza ida-idak tenke espesifikamente adaptadu, hanesan kódigu fonte Google ofisiál de'it halai kona-ba sira-nia devices Nexus. Porting Android ba hardware espesífiku, hanesan prosesu tempu - no rekursu-konsumu ba pesoal manufacturers, ne ' ebé fó prioridade ba sira-nia devices karakterístiku no dala barak sai ema sira ne ' ebé boot husi. Tan neʼe, smartphones boot beibeik la halo nafatin atualizasaun ba se manufacturer nian hola desizaun ida ne'e la folin-boot ba investimentu iha rekursu, maske pesoal ne ' ebé mak kompatível. Problema ida ne'e, tendensia bainhira manufacturers customize Android ho sira-nia eletrónikus no apps, ne ' ebé tenke reapplied komunikadu ida-idak ne ' ebé foun. Atrazu sira adisionál bele introduz husi karreira wireless ne ' ebé, hafoin simu aktualizasaun manufacturers, tan customize no preokupasaun hirak Android ba sira-nia nesesidade no halo teste estensivu kona-ba sira-nia rede molok haruka realiza ba utilizadores internet [33]

Falta apoiu fa'an impaktu husi manufacturers no karreira iha ona halekar criticized husi grupu konsumidór no teknolojia komunikasaun sosiál. Komentadór balun nota katak indústria, iha insentivu finanseiru ida atu atualiza devices sira, hanesan falta aktualizasaun ba devices eziste halo sosa foun sira, hanoin deskreve hanesan "hasaʼe". Ema kesar katak metodu distribuisaun ba aktualizasaun mak komplikadu tanba de'it manufacturers no karreira iha dezeñu neʼe dalan. Iha tinan 2011, Google halo parseria ho lubuk ida kona-ba indústria jogadór anunsia proposta "Android Atualizasaun Aliansa ida", ne ' ebé pledging atu salva aktualizasaun tempu oportunu ba pesoal hotu-hotu ba fulan 18 tiha husi kadeia ninian; maibé, iha tiha kona-ba aliansa neʼe hahú fó sai ninia liafuan ofisiál seluk.[33][34]

Iha tinan 2012, Google hahú decoupling aspetu balu kona-ba sistema operasaun (liu-liu prinsipál kandidatura) tan neʼe, sira bele informa liuhosi Google Halimar loja Ne‟e la haree ba sistema operasaun. Komponente hirak ne'e, Google Halimar Servisu, ida ne'e hanesan nivel sistema taka-fonte prosesu, fornese APIs Google servisu, ne ' ebé ona automatikamente kona-ba devices kuaze hotu-hotu ne ' ebé suli versaun Android 2.2 no aas liu. Ho mudansa hirak-ne'e, Google bele aumenta functionality operasaun sistema foun liu husi Servisu ne ' ebé Halimar no aktualizasaun sira-nia aplikasaun la fahe realiza ida ba sistema operasaun ne'e rasik. Hanesan rezultadu, Android 4.2 no 4.3 tama relativamente menus hasoru uzuáriu mudansa, foka liu ba mudansa menor no plataforma progresu.[21][35]

Iha fulan-Maiu tinan 2016, anunsia katak Google hanoin "shaming" smartphone na'in ne ' ebé falla atu husik livre atualizadu versaun anteriór sira Android ba devices sira.[36]

Linux kernel

[edita]

Kernel android nian bazeia ba ramu apoiu (LTS) longu prazu Linux kernel ida. Desde fulan Abril tinan 2014, Android devices prinsipalmente uza versaun anteriór 3.4, 3.10 ka 3.18 Linux kernel. Versaun kernel espesífiku ne ' ebé depende ba pesoal Android atuál no ninia plataforma hardware; Android uza oin-oin kernel versaun anteriór hahú kedas iha versaun 2.6.25 ne ' ebé uza iha Android 1.0. [37]

Variant android nian kona-ba Linux kernel iha tan arkitetónika ho mudansa ne ' ebé implementa hosi Google liʼur ne'e típiku Linux kernel dezenvolvimentu siklu, hanesan komponente hanesan Binder, ashmem, pmem, logger, wakelocks no tratamentu oin-oin trigu-nian-memória (OOM) nian. Karakterístika balun ne ' ebé Google kontribui atu fila fali ba kernel Linux, liu-liu podér jestaun ne'ebe hanaran "wakelocks", sira la simu developers mainline kernel parsialmente tanba sira sente katak Google mak la hatudu kualkér intensaun atu mantein kódigu rasik. Google fó sai iha Abril 2010 katak sira sei selu funsionáriu rua atu servisu ho komunidade kernel Linux, maibé Greg Kroah-Hartman, ba atuál Linux kernel maintainer ba ramu estavel, hatete iha Dezembru 2010 katak nia mak preokupasaun katak Google mak la koko atu halo mudansa kódigu sira ne ' ebé inklui iha mainstream Linux. Balun developers Google Android hinted katak "ekipa Android mak atu fó-han ho prosesu ne'e," tanba sira ekipa ki'ik oan ida, no iha servisu ne ' ebé urjente liu atu halo kona-ba Android. [38]

Iha fulan Agostu 2011, Torvalds, lino, hatete katak "ikusmai Android no Linux fila fali ba kernel ida-ne ' ebé komún, maibé karik la duni ba tinan haat lima nia laran". Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman anunsia patches hahú Android Mainlining Projetu nian, ne ' ebé iha objetivu atu tau kondutór Android balun, no karakterístika fila ba Linux kernel, hahú iha Linux 3.3. Linux inklui kapabilidade autosleep no wakelocks iha 3.5 kernel, hafoin hala'o tiha tentativa uluk nian ne ' ebé barak iha merger. Interfaces nian maka hanesan maibé implementasaun Linux explorasaun permite ba rua ne ' ebé diferente suspende modu: memória (tradisionál ba suspende katak Android uza), no disk (hibernate, mós hatene kona-ba desktop). Google mantein repository kódigu públiku ne ' ebé sira fó sira-nia servisu esperimentál hodi halo hikas fali Android pontu ba ikus estavel Linux versaun anteriór.[39][40]

Armazenamentu ne ' ebé akontese iha Android devices mak mosu ba partitions oin-oin, hanesan /system ba sistema operasaun ne'e rasik, no /data ba uzuáriu instalasaun dadus no sira-nia aplikasaun. Kontrariu ho distribuisaun Linux desktop pesoal Android nain sira la abut ne ' ebé fó asesu ba sistema operasaun no partitions sensitivu hanesan /system sira lee deit. Maibé, asesu abut bele halo servisu aproveita buat neʼebé seguransa defeitu iha Android, ne ' ebé mak uza beibeik husi komunidade fonte-nakloke atu hametin kapabilidade sira devices, maibé mós hosi parte basá instala virus no malwarel.[41]

Android mak distribuisaun Linux ida tuir Fundasaun Linux, Google nia fonte-nakloke xefe Chris DiBona no jornalista sira ne ' ebé oin-oin. Ema seluk, hanesan Google engineer Patrick Brady, hatete katak Android mak la Linux iha sentidu distribuisaun Linux Unix-hanesan tradisionál nian; Android la inklui GNU C Biblioteka (ne'e uza Bionic nu'udar ida biblioteka alternativa C) no balu kona-ba komponente seluk ne ' ebé hetan normalmente iha distribuisaun Linux.[42]

Software stack

[edita]
Android's architecture diagram

Husi parte Linux kernel, iha neʼebá mak middleware, biblioteka no APIs ne ' ebé hakerek iha C, no instalasaun sira-nia aplikasaun ne ' ebé suli kona-ba kuadru sira-nia aplikasaun ida ne ' ebé inklui biblioteka Java-kompatível. Dezenvolvimentu Linux kernel kontinua to'o Android seluk fonte kódigu baze

To'o versaun 5.0, Android uza Dalvik nu'udar makina virtual prosesu ida ho baze iha sira-neʼe hetan-iha-tempu (JIT) kontein halai Dalvik "dex-kódigu" (Dalvik Executable), ne ' ebé mak normalmente katak: husi Java bytecode. Tuir liña-baze JIT prinsípiu sira, aleinde bainhira interpreta artigu sira kódigu sira-nia aplikasaun, maioria Dalvik ezekuta ne'e kontein no ezekusaun direitus kona-ba kódigu selesionadu ne ' ebé hala'o beibeik populasaun ("ain-fatin") tempu ida-idak ne ' ebé aplikasaun ida ne'e lansa tiha ona. Android 4.4 aprezentadu Runtime Android (ARTE) hanesan foun runtime ambiente ida, ne ' ebé uza ahead kona-ba-dala (AOT) kontein totalmente compile bytecode aplikasaun ba makina kódigu ba instalasaun ida nia aplikasaun. Iha Android 4.4, ARTE akontese esperimentál ida no la bele hala'o husi onorárius; ida-neʼe nia oan mak opsaun runtime ne ' ebé de'it, iha versaun boot tuirmai 5.0 Android. [43]

Ba ninia biblioteka Java, plataforma Android uza subkonjuntu husi projetu Armonia Apache discontinued agora. Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2015, Google anunsia katak versaun ne ' ebé tuirmai nian Android sei muda implementasaun Java bazeia ba OpenJDK .[44]

Android nian padraun C biblioteka, Bionic, tiha ona husi Google espesifikamente ba Android, hanesan derivation ida kona-ba BSD nian padraun C biblioteka kódigu. Ne'e sei Bionic rasik ho oin-oin boot karakterístika espesífika ba Linux kernel. Rezultadu prinsipál uza Bionic duké GNU C Biblioteka (glibc) ka uClibc sira ninia pegada runtime ki'ik, no buka ba CPUs frekuénsia ki'ik. Iha tempu hanesan, Bionic mak lisensa tuir BSD lisensa, ne ' ebé Google hetan adekuadu liu ba jeral modelu lisensiamentu Android nian. [45]

Ho objetivu ba modelu lisensiamentu oin-oin ida, ba tinan 2012, nia rohan Google switched Bluetooth stack iha Android husi BlueZ GPL lisensa ba BlueDroid lisensa Apache. [46]

Android la iha Sistema Janela X direitus husi onorárius, la halo ida-neʼe apoia konjuntu ne ' ebé kompletu kona-ba padraun GNU biblioteka. Ida-neʼe halo ida-neʼe susar ba portu eziste biblioteka atu Android, ka aplikasaun Linux to'o versaun r5 Kit Android Dezenvolvimentu Direitus nian fó apoiu ba kandidatura sira ne ' ebé hakerek ona kompletamente iha C ka C++. Biblioteka sira ne ' ebé hakerek iha C bele mós uza iha aplikasaun tama shim ida-ne ' ebé ki'ik no uzu ba JNI. [47]

Since Marshmallow, "Toybox", a collection of command line utilities (mostly for use by apps, as Android doesn't provide a command line interface by default), replaced similar "Toolbox" collection.[48]

Android iha operasaun sistema sira seluk, Trusty OS, iha ne'e, hanesan parte ida kona-ba "Trusty" "software komponente apoiu Trusted Ezekusaun Ambiente ida (TEE) kona-ba devices móvel." "Trusty no Trusty API sai objetu ba mudansa. [..] Kandidatura ba Trusty OS bele hakerek iha C/C++ (C++ apoiu ne'e limitadu), no sira hetan asesu ba biblioteka C ki'ik ida. [..] Kandidatura Trusty hotu-hotu ne ' ebé mak ida-threaded; multithreading iha Trusty userspace daudaun ne'e mak unsupported. [..] Parte datoluk sira-nia aplikasaun dezenvolvimentu la hetan apoiu ba"versaun ne ' ebé oras ne'e, no instalasaun sira ne ' ebé suli kona-ba OS no processor tanba ida-neʼe, sira halai ba"DRM enkuadramentu ba konteúdu protesaun. [..] Sira seluk uza barak ba TEE ida hanesan pagamentu móvel, bankária ne ' ebé seguru, encryption disk tomak, fatór sira ne ' ebé multi authentication, pesoal reset protesaun, protesaun replay persistente armazenamentu, wireless hatudu ("dada") konteúdu protesaun, PIN ne ' ebé seguru no fingerprint prosesamentu, no mós identifika malware."[49]

Open-source community

[edita]

Android iha komunidade ida ne ' ebé ativu developers no enthusiasts ne ' ebé uza kódigu fonte Android Nakloke Fonte Projetu (AOSP) atu dezenvolve no fahe sira nia versaun anteriór ho sistema operasaun. Imprensa dezenvolve komunidade hirak ne'e dala barak lori karakterístika foun no aktualizasaun ba devices lalais liu fali liu hosi kanál ofisiál manufacturer/karreira, ho nível ida ne ' ebé bele halo komparasaun kona-ba kualidade; fó apoiu nafatin ba devices boot ne ' ebé la simu aktualizasaun ofisiál sira; ka halo Android devices ne ' ebé mak ofisialmente lansa halai operasaun sistema sira seluk, hanesan HP TouchPad. Dala barak, komunidade imprensa mai rooted pré no inklui retifika ne ' ebé fornese hosi vendor orijinál, hanesan kapasidade atu overclock ka durante / undervolt processor pesoal nian. CyanogenMod hanesan firmware komunidade sira ne ' ebé uza barak liu, ho fundasaun ida hanesan ba ema seluk lubuk ida. Android-x86 mak versaun Android ba compatibles PC BALUN. Iha mós ona tentativa ho degrau oi-oin kona-ba susesu ba portu Android ba iPhones, liu-liu ba iDroid Projetu. [50]

Istorikamente, manufacturers pesoal no karreira móvel normalmente ona unsupportive firmware terseiru dezenvolvimentu nian. Manufacturers hato'o preokupasaun kona-ba funsionamentu ne‟ebé devices ne ' ebé suli unofficial software no kustu apoiu ne ' ebé rezulta husi ida-neʼe. Aleinde ne'e, atu modifika firmwares hanesan CyanogenMod dala ruma fó karakterístika, hanesan tethering, ba karreira sei la husik siciedade. Hanesan rezultadu, obstákulu téknika sira ne ' ebé inklui bootloaders xave metin hela no asesu ne ' ebé limitada ba permissions abut sira komún iha devices barak. Maibé, hanesan instalasaun ne ' ebé komunidade dezenvolve tiha ona populár, no tuir mai ne'e deklarasaun ida husi Librarian Kongresu Estadus Unidus ne ' ebé husik halo ba "jailbreaking" devices móvel, manufacturers no karreira iha softened sira-nia pozisaun kona-ba dezenvolvimentu terseiru, ho balun, inklui HTC, Motorola, Tablet no Sony, fó apoiu no fó aten-brani dezenvolvimentu. Nu'udar rezultadu hosi ida-neʼe, tempu ba tempu nesesidade hodi kontorna hardware restrisaun ba instala unofficial firmware ona lessened hanesan devices lubuk ida mak shipped ho unlocked ka unlockable bootloaders, hanesan ho Nexus oin-oin kona-ba uzu ba telefoni, maske normalmente presiza katak uzuáriu renunsia devices sira garante atu halo ida-neʼe. Maibé, maske manufacturer aseitasaun, karreira balun iha estadus unidus AMÉRIKA-sei ezije katak uzu ba telefoni xave, frustrating developers no kliente.[51]

Seguransa no privasidade

[edita]

Ámbitu fiskalizasaun ho instituisaun públika sira

[edita]

Hanesan parte husi disclosures fiskalizasaun masa 2013 luan liu ida-neʼe mak hatudu iha fulan Setembru tinan 2013 katak ajénsia intelijénsia Amerikanu no Britániku, Ajénsia Seguransa Nasionál (NSA) no Governu Komunikasaun kuartél Jerál (GCHQ), respetivamente, iha asesu ba dadus uzuáriu kona-ba iPhone, BlackBerry no Android devices. Sira ne'ebe bele lee iha informasaun smartphone kuaze hotu-hotu, inklui SMS, fatin, emails no haree. Iha fulan-Janeiru tinan 2014, liután relatóriu sira hatudu ajénsia intelijénsia kapabilidade ba tendensia informasaun pesoál ne ' ebé fó ukun-fuan iha Internet rede-servisu sosiál no aplikasaun populár seluk hanesan Manu hirus Tebes, ne ' ebé halibur informasaun pesoál sira-nia uzuáriu tanba razaun komersiál advertising no seluk. GCHQ ona, tuir Ema Nian, matadalan wiki-estilu apps oin-oin no rede publisidade no oin-oin dadus ne ' ebé bele siphoned husi ida-idak. Katak semana, developer Manu Hirus Finlándia Rovio anunsia katak ida-neʼe mak reconsidering ninia relasaun ho ninia plataforma publisidade tuir revelations hirak ne'e, no bolu indústria ne ' ebé luan liu atu halo hanesan.[52]

Dokumentu hirak ne'e hatudu esforsu ida-ne ' ebé tan intelijénsia ajénsia sira ba tendensia buskas Mapa Google no queries ne ' ebé aprezenta husi smartphones Android no seluk atu halibur informasaun fatin iha maior parte. NSA no GCHQ insiste sira-nia atividade ne ' ebé mak hodi kumpre lei hotu-hotu relevante internasionál no doméstika, maski Ema ida ne ' ebé hateten "disclosures ikus bele mos aumenta aumenta preokupasaun públiku kona-ba oinsá setór teknolojia halibur no uza informasaun, liu-liu ba sira neʼebé iha liʼur estadus UNIDUS, ne ' ebé bele goza protesaun privasidade uitoan de'it kompara ho Americans.""[53]

Ameasa seguransa komun

[edita]

Peskiza husi seguransa empreza Mikro Tendénsia lista siciedade abuzu funsaun nu'udar tipu komún hosi malware Android, ne ' ebé iha mensajen testu sira haruka hosi uzu ba telefoni tanba númeru telefone siciedade taxa ne ' ebé laiha konsentimentu ka koñesimentu ne ' ebé mós kona-ba uzuáriu. Malware seluk hatudu iklan unwanted no intrusive kona-ba pesoal, ka haruka informasaun pesoál ba unauthorised terseira parte sira. Ameasa seguransa ne ' ebé iha Android tuir relatoriu aumenta terrenu indústrial; maski nune'e, enjeñeiru Google iha argumentu katak ameasa malware no apela ba Android mak sai tendénsia hosi empreza seguransa ba razaun sira ne ' ebé komersiál, no akuza indústria seguransa husi kantadór tauk atu fa'an sasan iha instalasaun protesaun virus utilizadores internet. Google mantein katak malware perigozu tebes duni asinatura, no levantamentu ida ne ' ebé hala'o husi F-Asegura ne ' ebé hatudu katak 0.5% de'it hosi malware Android ne ' ebé relata mai husi loja Halimar Google.[54]

Hotu android nian mak hanesan problema ida ba seguransa, tanba patches ba bugs ne ' ebé hetan iha sistema operasaun prinsipál dala barak la hetan uzuáriu devices boot no ki'ik-folin. Lubuk ida kona-ba peskizadór hatete katak fallansu fornesedores sira hodi apoia devices boot ho patches no aktualizasaun husik devices ativu liu 87% vulneravel. Maski nune'e, natureza fonte-nakloke Android permite seguransa kontraente sira atu foti devices ne ' ebé eziste no adapta ba uza ho seguru. Porezemplu, Tablet serbisu tiha ona ho Dynamics Jerál liu husi sira-nia sosa Labs Kernel Nakloke atu harii Jelly Bean husi parte sira-nia microvisor martelu ba projetu "Knox".[55][56]

Android smartphones iha kapasidade atu fó fatin ba rede Wi-Fi asesu pontu, ne ' hanesan uzuáriu telefone la'o hamutuk, atu harii baze dadus ezisti hatama fatin fíziku ba rihun ba pontu asesu ne'e. Hirak ne'e baze dadus benefisiariu transferensia forma mapa eletróniku atu nafatin smartphones, ne ' ebé permiti sira atu halai apps hanesan Foursquare, Holanda Google, Facebook Fatin, no atu salva ads ne ' ebé bazeia ba fatin. Terseiru monitorizasaun software ne ' ebé hanesan TaintDroid ida akadémiku peskiza finansia projetu, bele, iha kazu balun, identifika bainhira mak atu haruka ba informasaun pesoál nian husi aplikasaun ba servidór remota. [57]

Seguransa téknika karakterístika

[edita]

Kandidatura android halai sandbox ida, área izoladu ida kona-ba sistema ne ' ebé la iha asesu ba sira seluk kona-ba rekursu sira ba sistema ida ne'e, exetu se permissions asesu ne'e esplisitamente fó husi uzuáriu bainhira sira-nia aplikasaun, harii ona. Molok instaladora ida nia aplikasaun, Halimar Loja hatudu permissions obrigasaun hotu-hotu: ida mós bele presiza atu permite vibration ka salva dadus ba kartaun SD ida, porezemplu, maibé la presiza atu lee mensajen SMS ka hetan asesu ba phonebook. Depois de halo revizaun permissions hirak ne'e, uzuáriu sira bele hili atu aprova ka rejeita sira, instaladóra aplikasaun se sira simu. Sistema sandboxing no permissions lessens impaktu vulnerabilidade no bugs iha kandidatura, maibé developer konfuzaun no dokumentasaun ne ' ebé limitadu rezulta iha aplikasaun ne ' ebé husu routinely permissions la nesesariu, ne ' ebé hamenus nia efikásia. Google ona no dudu pontu situasaun ba Android Apps Verifika diak, ne ' ebé sei hala'o agora iha antesedénsia atu identifika prosesu basá no crack sira. [58]

 Iha Android 6.0 Marshmallow, sistema permissions muda atu permite uzuáriu atu kontrola permissions aplikasaun ida ida-idak, ba bloku kandidatura se kaan hosi asesu ba pesoal sira-nia kontaktu, kalendáriu, telefone, sensors, SMS, fatin, microphone no camera. Kontrolu lisensa tomak ne'e hala'o ho abut asesu ba pesoal. [59]

Google uza Google Bouncer malware scanner atu tau matan ba no scan kandidatura ne ' ebé iha Loja Halimar Google. Hakarak atu harii apps bandeira no la uzuáriu sira kona-ba kualkér ameasa potensiál ho aplikasaun ida molok sira download ida-neʼe. Versaun android 4.2 Jelly Bean fó sai iha tinan 2012, ho karakterístika seguransa ne ' ebé maka'as liu, inklui scanner malware ida ne ' ebé harii iha sistema ne'e, ne ' ebé serbisu ho Ativu Google teatru maibé bele scan apps ona husi fonte terseiru nune'e, no sistema alerta ida ne ' ebé lai uzuáriu bainhira app ida ne ' ebé koko atu haruka mensajen testu siciedade taxa, blocking mensajen se uzuáriu esplisitamente authorises ida-neʼe. Oin-oin seguransa kompañia, hanesan Seguransa Móvel Lookout, AVG Teknolojia no McAfee, mak livre software antivirus ba Android devices. Instalasaun ida ne'e la efetivu hanesan sandboxing mós aplika ba kandidatura hirak ne'e, limita sira-nia abilidade atu scan sistema ne ' ebé kle'an liu ba ameasa. [60][61]

Iha fulan Agostu tinan 2013, Google fó Android Pesoal Jestor (ADM), komponente ida ne ' ebé utilizadór sira atu lakohi akompaña, nafatin, no nuʼudar sasin ba sira-nia pesoal Android liuhosi eletrónikus web ida. Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2013, Google fó ADM hanesan aplikasaun Android ida kona-ba loja Halimar Google, ne ' ebé disponivel ba devices ne ' ebé suli Android versaun 2.2 no aas liu. [62][63]

Lisensiamentu

[edita]

Kódigu fonte ba Android mak fonte-nakloke: ida mak dezenvolve ona iha privadu husi Google, ho fonte kódigu husik livre ema hotu nia oin kuandu versaun foun ida kona-ba Android publika. Google publika kódigu (inklui stacks rede no telephony) tuir versaun naun-copyleft Lisensa Apache 2.0 barak liu. ne'ebe permite levantamentu no hikas distribuisaun. Lisensa la fó direitu atu iha "Android" trademark, manufacturers pesoal tan neʼe, no karreira wireless ona atu fó lisensa ba projetu ida-neʼe husi Google kontratu sira ne ' ebé individuál. Mudansa kernel Linux asosiadu livre ona tuir copyleft Lisensa Públiku Jerál GNU versaun 2, ne ' ebé dezenvolve ona husi Aliansa Handset Nakloke, ho fonte kódigu disponibiliza hotu dala ida. Normalmente, Google kolabora ho manufacturer hardware ida atu prodús pesoal liuhusi emblema: (parte oin-oin Nexus) ho versaun foun ba Android, depois halo kódigu fonte disponivel depois pesoal katak iha livre ona. Honeycomb livre ba imprensa Android de'it sira-ne ' ebé mak la kedas sai disponivel hanesan fonte kódigu 3.0 ai-kabelak deit. Razaun ne'e, tuir Andy Rubin iha postu blog Android ofisiál ida, ne'e tanba Honeycomb nia halai tama ba produsaun Motorola Xoom, no sira lakohi parte datoluk sira hodi kria ida "esperiénsia uzuáriu sira ne ' ebé aat ne ' ebé loos" hodi buka atu tau ba smartphones versaun Android ne ' ebé destina ba galaxy ida.[64]

 De'it baze Android operasaun sistema nian (inklui kandidatura balun) mak fonte-nakloke software, konsidera katak devices Android barak mak ró-ahi ho montante ida ne ' ebé substantivu kona-ba instalasaun compete, hanesan Servisu Móvel Google, ne ' ebé inklui mós aplikasaun hanesan Loja Halimar Google, Buka Google, no Google Halimar Servisu – ozonu software ida ne ' ebé prevee APIs integrasaun ho servisu Google-fornese, entre sira seluk. Kandidatura hirak ne'e tenke hetan lisensa husi Google husi na'in pesoal, no bele de'it sai shipped kona-ba devices ne ' ebé hasoru ninia kompatibilidade orientasaun no rekizitu sira seluk. Distribuisaun kostume, auténtika husi Android ne ' ebé prodús hosi manufacturers (hanesan TouchWiz no Sentidu HTC) bele mós troka apps Android balun ne ' ebé stock ho sira-nia variants compete no aumenta software adisionál sira ne ' ebé la inklui iha sistema stock operasaun Android. Bele mós iha kondutór "binary blob" ne ' ebé presiza ba komponente hardware balun iha ba pesoal. [21][31]

Balun kandidatura stock iha kódigu AOSP ne ' ebé uluk uza husi versaun anteriór sira Android, hanesan Peskiza, Múzika no Kalendáriu, iha ne'e, husik hela husi Google afavór naun-livre raparásaun fahe liuhosi Loja Ativu (Buka Google, Múzika Halimar Google no Google Kalendáriu) ne ' ebé mak la fonte-nakloke. Aleinde ne'e, variants fonte-nakloke ba kandidatura balun iha mós esklui funsaun sira ne ' ebé mak marka prezensa iha sira-nia naun-livre versaun anteriór, hanesan Photosphere panoramas Camera, no pájina Agora Google ida ba onorárius uma ekran (esklusivu ba versaun compete "Google Agora Launcher", kódigu sé-nia mak hakerek iha laran ba aplikasaun Google prinsipál).[21][65][66][67]

Richard Stallman no Fundasaun Software Livre ona husi Android no rekomenda uzu alternativa hirak hanesan Replicant, tanba kondutór no firmware ne ' ebé importante tebes ba funsionamentu própriu Android devices compete normalmente, no tanba ne'e nia aplikasaun Google Halimar loja Ne‟e bele halakon forsadamente instala ka deinstall kandidatura no, hanesan rezultadu, konvida software naun-livre. [68][69]

Influensa ba manufacturasaun

[edita]

Google licenses software Google Móvel Servisu sira, hamutuk ho trademarks Android de'it ba hardware manufacturers ba devices ne ' ebé tuir padraun kompatibilidade Google nian saida mak espesifika ona iha dokumentu Android Kompatibilidade Programa ne'e. Nune'e, forks Android ne ' ebé halo mudansa ba sistema operasaun ne'e rasik la inklui komponente naun-livre Google nian ida, hela inkompativel ho aplikasaun ne ' ebé presiza ba sira, no tenke ró-ahi ho merkadu software alternativu ida suspensa Google Halimar Loja. Ezemplu kona-ba forks Android hirak ne'e mak Amazon nian Ahi OS (ne ' ebé uza iha liña Ahi Kindle galaxy, no ne ' ebé orienta ba servisu Amazon), Nokia X Software Plataforma (fork ida ne ' ebé uza hosi família Nokia X, orienta liuliu ba Nokia no Microsoft servisu), no forks seluk ne ' ebé esklui Google apps tanba unavailability en-jerál servisu Google iha rejiaun balun (hanesan Xina). Iha tinan 2014, Google mós komesa atu ezije katak devices Android hotu-hotu ne ' ebé fó lisensa ba projetu instalasaun Servisu Móvel Google hatudu ministériu ida-ne ' ebé importante tebetebes "Powered husi Android" kona-ba sira-nia screens liu husi Clear All.[70]

Membru Aliansa Handset Nakloke, ne ' ebé inklui maioria Android OEMs, sira mós sai proibidu husi produs devices Android ne ' ebé bazeia ba forks OS nian; iha tinan 2012, Acer Inc. mak obriga husi Google atu hapara produsaun pesoal ida ne ' ebé powered husi Grupu Alibaba Aliyun OS ho ameasa hasai tiha husi OHA, hanesan Google konsidera plataforma sai versaun ida ne ' ebé inkompativel Android nian. Grupu Alibaba defende alegasaun hirak ne'e, haksesuk-malu katak OS ne'e mak plataforma ida ne ' ebé diferente husi Android (ema HTML5 apps uza prinsipalmente), maibé portions inkorpora kona-ba plataforma Android nian atu permite backwards kompatibilidade ho terseiru software Android. Tuir loloos, devices ne ' ebé mak ró-ahi ho aplikasaun loja ida-ne ' ebé oferese Android apps; maibé, sira barak mak pirated.[71][72][73]

Recepsaun

[edita]
Android-x86 running on an ASUS EeePC netbook; Android has been unofficially ported to traditional PCs for use as a desktop operating system.

Android simu reasaun lukewarm kuandu unveiled iha tinan 2007. Maski analista sira sai hakfodak ho kompañia teknolojia ne ' ebé respeita sira ne ' ebé nia halo parseria ho Google hodi forma Aliansa Handset Nakloke, neʼe la klaru se manufacturers telemóvel sei prontu atu troka sira-nia sistema operasaun eziste ho Android. Ideia kona-ba plataforma fonte-nakloke, bazeia ba Linux dezenvolvimentu ida ne ' ebé dada interese, maibé, iha preokupasaun adisionál boot kona-ba Android ne ' ebé hasoru kompetisaun maka'as husi ajente ne ' ebé estabelese iha merkadu smartphone, hanesan Nokia no Microsoft no rivaál Linux móvel operasaun sistema ne ' ebé sira iha dezenvolvimentu. Ida ne'e estabelese partisipantis sira skeptical: Nokia mak temi hanesan dehan "ita la haree ida-ne'e hanesan ameasa ida", no membru ekipa Móvel Kona Microsoft nian ne ' ebé hateten "Haʼu la komprende impaktu ne ' ebé mak sira sei iha." [74]

Desde tempu Android tiha ona atu sai sistema operasaun smartphone uza barak liu no "ida ne'e fastest móvel esperiénsia disponivel." Reviewers subliña tiha ona ba natureza fonte-nakloke sistema operasaun nu'udar ninia kbiit ne ' ebé defining, permite empreza hanesan Nokia (Nokia X família), Amazon (Kindle Ahi), Barnes & Salaun (Nook), Ouya, Baidu no ema seluk atu fork hardware software no imprensa halai sira-nia versaun customised Android nian. Hanesan rezultadu, ida-neʼe iha ona deskreve hosi teknolojia portál Ars Technica "pratikamente onorárius operasaun sistema ba realizasaun hardware foun" ba kompañia sira ne ' ebé la iha sira nia plataforma móvel. Ne'e abertura no fleksibilidade mós sai ida-ne'e iha nivel uzuáriu rohan: Android permite customisation estensivu husi devices hosi nain ba armas no apps disponivel livre hosi naun-Google app loja no terseiru sitiu internet. Ida ne'e iha ona hateten entre vantajen prinsipál ba Android uzu ba telefoni kona-ba ema seluk.[75][76]

Maske popularidade Android nian, inklui ativasaun ida evaluasaun dala tolu katak iOS, iha ona relatóriu ne ' ebé Google seidauk bele fó influensa ba sira seluk produtu no servisu web ho susesu hodi transforma Android kria osan ne ' ebé analista sira neʼebé hein. Konferénsia ne'e sujere katak Google mak lakon kontrola Android tanba customization estensiva no konsistentamentu apps naun-Google no servisu – Ahi Kindle Amazon nian liña uza Ahi OS, fork ida ne ' ebé ho maka'as hosi Android ne ' ebé la inklui ka fó apoiu ba komponente compete Google nian, no ezije katak uzuáriu hetan software husi Appstore Amazon kompetisaun ninia duké Halimar Loja. Iha tinan 2014, iha esforsu ida atu hadi'a sira-nia naran ba preokupasaun hirak Android, Google hahú atu ezije katak devices ne ' ebé ho ninia komponente compete hatudu ministériu ida-ne ' ebé Android kona-ba tais liu husi. [70]

Android ona sofre "hotu", situasaun ida ne ' ebé iha oin-oin devices Android, kona-ba variasaun hardware no diferensa sira iha instalasaun ne ' ebé suli kona-ba sira, halo knaar dezenvolve kandidatura sira ne ' ebé servisu beibeik iha ekosistema nian liu plataforma rivaál sira hanesan iOS bainhira hardware no software diferensa menus. Pur ezemplu, tuir dadus hosi OpenSignal iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2013, iha sira-modelu 11,868 pesoal Android, medida lubuk ida ba tais diferente no versaun Android OS ualu anteriór simultaneamente iha uzu, enkuantu maioria boot iOS uzuáriu iha upgraded ba iteration ikus nian ne'e OS. Critics hanesan Apple Insider asserted katak hotu liuhusi hardware no software dudu kresimentu Android nian ne ' ebé maka boot ki'ik nia rohan, liuhosi priced orsamentu devices halai versaun boot anteriór nian Android. Sira mantein ne'e forsa developers Android atu hakerek ba iha "lowest komun denominator" atu to'o ba uzuáriu barak liu, ne ' ebé hetan insentivu ne ' ebé uitoan liu atu uza ba ikus hardware no software karakterístika de'it disponivel kona-ba persentajen ki'ik husi devices. Maski nune'e, OpenSignal, ne ' ebé dezenvolve apps Android no iOS, konklui katak maske hotu bele halo dezenvolvimentu trickier, Android nia paizes globál bele mos aumenta kolen potensiál. [77]

Proporsaun merkadu

[edita]

Peskiza empreza Canalys kalkula iha trimestre daruak tinan 2009, no katak Android iha proporsaun 2.8% hosi shipments smartphone mundu tomak. To'o trimestre dahaat nian iha tinan 2010, ne'e sa'e ona ba merkadu ne ' ebé sai fa'an leten smartphone plataforma, ultrapasa Symbian 33%. Husi terseiru trimestre tinan 2011, Gartner kalkula katak liu metade (52.5%) hosi smartphone ne ' ebé fa'an labele Android. Husi tolu ba kuartu 2012 Android iha proporsaun 75% ba merkadu smartphone globál, tuir peskiza empreza IDC [78]

iha Jullu 2011, Google dehan katak 550,000 Android devices sira hetan bainhira sai loron-loron, no husi 400,000 kada loron iha Maiu, no liu tokon 100 devices tiha ona bele ho kresimentu 4.4% kada semana. Iha fulan Setembru tinan 2012, devices tokon 500 tiha ona bele ho activations 1.3 millaun kada loron. Iha fulan Maiu 2013, iha Google I/O, Sundar Pichai anunsia katak tokon 900 devices Android tiha ona bele.[79]

Merkadu android diferente husi fatin. Iha fulan-Jullu 2012, "subscribers móvel tinan 13 +" iha Estadus Unidus uza Android sira to'o 52%, ba sa'e ba 90% iha Xina. Durante terseiru trimestre tinan 2012, Android nia smartphone mundiál karegamentu merkadu fahe ona 75%, ho tokon 750 devices ativu iha totál. Iha fulan Abril tinan 2013 Android iha millaun 1,5 activations kada loron. No Maiu 2013, 48 billaun kandidatura ("apps") hetan tiha ninia husi loja Halimar Google, no fulan Setembru tinan 2013, dólar amerikanu millaun ida rihun devices Android tiha ona bele.[80]

Iha fulan-Jullu tinan 2013, loja Google sira Halo ona tokon ida Android kandidatura publika tiha ona, no liu billaun 50 kandidatura relatoriu. Levantamentu developer ida ne ' ebé hala'o iha fulan Abril – Maiu 2013 hetan katak Android uza 71% hosi developers móvel. Susesu sistema operasaun halo ida-neʼe ida alvu ba litigasaun patent hanesan parte husi, neʼebé ema bolu nuʼudar "smartphone funu" entre empreza teknolojia.[4][5]

Android devices konsiderasaun ba smartphone fa'an iha merkadu barak, inklui mós estadus UNIDUS, enkuantu "Japaun iha de'it mak Apple kona-ba leten" liu metade (númeru Setembru – Novembru 2013). Iha tinan 2013 nia rohan, liu billaun 1.5 smartphones Android faʼan iha tinan haat dezde 2010, halo Android barak ne ' ebé fa'an telefone no ai-kabelak OS. Smartphones Android billaun tolu iha estimativa katak atu fa'an to'o tinan 2014 (inklui tinan liubá). Tuir Gartner peskiza empreza, devices ne ' ebé bazeia ba Android outsold contenders hotu-hotu, tinan-tinan dezde tinan 2012. Iha tinan 2013, ida-neʼe outsold 2.8:1 Kona ka 573 millaun. Iha tinan 2015, Android iha baze boot instalasaun sistema operasaun hotu-hotu; Hahú tinan 2013, devices ne ' ebé suli mós fa'an liu duké Kona, iOS no devices Mac OS X kombina. [81]

Tuir StatCounter, ne ' ebé rekolha de'it uza ba browsing web nian, Android mak sistema operasaun móvel populár liu dezde fulan-Agostu tinan 2013. Android ne ' ebé mak sistema operasaun populár liu ba web browsing iha India no nasaun oin-oin sira seluk (ezemplu pratikamente hotu ne ' ebé Ázia, ho exesaun Japaun no Korea Norte nian). Tuir StatCounter, Android liu uza ba móvel iha país Afrikanu sira ne ' ebé hotu-hotu, no hateten katak, "uzu móvel iha ona solusaun desktop iha país oin-oin ne ' ebé inklui India, Áfrika Súl no Arábia arábia Saudita", ho país sira ne ' ebé pratikamente hotu-hotu iha Áfrika no halo tuir ona (exetu se nasaun hitu, inklui Ejitu), hanesan Etiópia no Kenya ne ' ebé iha ne'ebe uzu móvel (inklui galaxy) mak 90.46% (Android de'it , konta 75.81% kona-ba ema hotu-hotu uza iha[82]).[83]

Enkuantu Android laiha telefone tiha ona iha rai riku barak inklui add-ons compete Google nian (hanesan Google Halimar) ba sistema operasaun kontráriu fonte-nakloke, ida-ne'e la aumenta kazu iha merkadu tabik; "Peskiza ABI reklama katak devices 65 milhoens shipped globalmente ho fonte-nakloke Android iha trimester daruak [2014], aumentu husi millaun 54 iha trimestre uluk"; depende ba nasaun, porsentu kona-ba uzu ba telefoni atu bazeia de'it ba kódigu fonte Android nian (AOSP), iha estimativa forgoing Android trademark: Tailándia (44%), Filipina (38%), Indonézia (31%), India (21%), Malázia (24%), Méxiku (18%), Brazil(9%).[84]

Tuir ida Janeiru 2015 Gartner relatóriu, "Android ultrapasa shipments billaun ida kona-ba devices iha tinan 2014, no sei kontinua ho ritmu ida-ne ' ebé díjitu-oan iha tinan 2015, ho aumentu porsentu 26 tinan ida ba tinan." Ida-neʼe halo nia dahuluk ne ' ebé uzuáriu ikus liu billaun ida iha tinan ida nia laran, kualkér sistema operasaun general-purpose atinji ona: husi to'o besik billaun 1.16 uzuáriu nia rohan iha tinan 2014, Android shipped ba dala haat liu fali iOS no OS X hamutuk, no ba dala tolu liu fali Windows Microsoft. Gartner hein merkadu telemóvel tomak atu "to'o unidade rua billaun iha tinan 2016", inklui Android. [85]

Tuir estimativa Statistica ida, Android smartphones iha baze ida ne ' ebé instalasaun nian hanesan biliaun 1.8 unidade iha tinan 2015, ne ' ebé mak 76% hosi númeru totál estimadu smartphones ne ' ebé mundu tomak. Android iha boot instalasaun baze kona-ba kualkér operasaun sistema móvel no, hahú husi tinan 2013, liu-fa'an operasaun sistema en-jerál ho fa'an iha tinan 2012, tinan 2013 no 2014 besik baze instalasaun PCs hotu-hotu. Iha trimestre tolu iha tinan 2015, iha merkadu globál smartphone karegamentu Android nia proporsaun mak 84.7%, aas liu nia. Iha loron 28, fulan Setembru tinan 2016, ho proporsaun merkadu 52.5%, Tablet nafatin OEM rezulta ba hola Android ne ' ebé suli smartphoens no galaxy, tuir fali mak tuir fali LG, Huawei, Motorola, Lenovo, Sony, HTC, Asus, Alcatel no Xiaomi.

Husi fulan Agostu tinan 2016, kontinente boot rua tiha ona móvel-maioria, tesi-lia tuir uza web ("desktop" iha 46.92% – 55.16% uza mundiál, depende ba loron-semana, ne ' ebé halo semana balu desktop-ki'ik; fulan tomak ne ' ebé ki'ik liu ne ' ebé mak iha 50.05%); tanba Android (haree uzu fahe sistema operasaun), ne ' ebé iha maioria ne ' ebé uza iha smartphones iha nasaun hotu-hotu pratikamente (kontinente hotu-hotu tiha ona Android-maioria nian, ne ' ebé inklui Amérika Norte, exetu se Oceania tanba Austrália), ho esesaun uitoan (ne'e hotu ona iOS-maioria); iha estadus UNIDUS, Android besik iOS, hodi troka pozisaun maioria dala balun, Kanada no tuir mai ne‟e mós esesaun: Japaun, Filipina, Austrália no exesaun ne ' ebé de'it iha Europa mak reinu Unidu, Béljika nasaun Nordic Dinamarca, Nian, Sweden no Noruega no Suésia. [86]

Iha tinan 2016, Android neʼe kona-ba maioria smartphones iha nasaun sira ne ' ebé pratikamente hotu-hotu iha mundu, exklui Estadus Unidus no Kanada (bainhira inklui Amérika-Norte kontinente hotu), Austrália no Japaun. Nasaun balu, hanesan reinu Unidu, lakon Android-maioria se galaxy sira.

Adosaun ba galaxy

[edita]
Ba first-generation Nexus 7 ai-kabelak, halai Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Maski nia susesu kona-ba smartphones, adosaun ba ai-kabelak Android uluk mak neineik. Kauza prinsipál ida mak, chicken ka situasaun egg ne ' ebé iha konsumidór sira tenta atu sosa ai-kabelak ida Android tanba falta kualidade aas kona-ba ai-kabelak kandidatura, maibé developers sira tenta atu gasta tempu no rekursu ne ' ebé dezenvolve hela kandidatura ai-kabelak toʼo iha merkadu ida ne ' ebé signifikante ba sira. Ba konteúdu no app "ekosistema" hatudu katak importante liu fali hardware specs pontu selling ba galaxy. Tanba laiha ai-kabelak espesífiku Android kandidatura iha tinan 2011, galaxy Android sedu iha atu halo ho eziste smartphone kandidatura ne ' ebé mak konitua-suited ba medida tais boot, konsidera katak dominasaun iPad Apple nian ne'e reforsa liu-hosi barak kona-ba ai-kabelak espesífiku iOS kandidatura. [87][88]

Maski app apoiu iha ninia infancy, ida ne ' ebé barak iha Android galaxy (hamutuk ho sira neʼebé uza sistema operasaun seluk, hanesan HP TouchPad no BlackBerry PlayBook) sira halai ba merkadu iha tentativa atu foti vantajen hosi susesu iPad nian. InfoWorld sujere katak manufacturers Android balu hahú trata galaxy sira-ne ' ebé uluk hanesan "Frankenphone negósiu ida", oportunidade ki'ik-investimentu kurtu-prazu ne ' ebé tau ida optimál smartphone Android OS (antes Honeycomb 3.0 Android ba galaxy mak disponivel) kona-ba pesoal ida bainhira fó eletrónikus uzuáriu. Ida-neʼe hakbesik, hanesan ho Dell Streak, la bele hetan merkadu trasaun ho konsumidór sira nomós estragus reputasaun galaxy Android sedu. Hatutan tan ne'e, Android oin-oin tablets ne'e hanesan Motorola Xoom sira priced hanesan ka boot liu fali iPad, neʼebé halo aat ba fa'an. Exesaun ida mak Amazon Kindle Ahi, ne ' ebé depende ba presu ki'ik liu no mós asesu ba ekosistema Amazon nia kandidatura no content.applications. [87][89]

Ida-neʼe hahú atu muda iha tinan 2012, ho lansamentu 7 Nexus kustu ladún karu no motiva husi Google ba developers hakerek di'ak liu kona-ba ai-kabelak kandidatura. Tuir Dadus Korporasaun Internasionál, shipments galaxy Android powered numeru kotajen iPads iha Q3 tinan 2012.[90]

Iha tinan 2013 nia rohan, galaxy Android liu millaun 191.6 faʼan tiha iha tinan tolu hosi tinan 2011. Ida-neʼe halo galaxy Android tipu faʼan barak kona-ba ai-kabelak iha 2013, komitmentu iPads iha trimestre daruak tinan 2013. [91]

According to the StatCounter's June 2015 web use statistics, Android tablets represent the majority of tablet devices used on the South American[92] (then lost majority) and African continents (60.23%),[93] while they have equaled with the iPad's market share in major nasaun sira ne ' ebé iha kontinente hotu-hotu (ho Amérika Norte hanesan exesaun ida, maibé iha Android El Salvador iha maioria), no besik reprezenta maioria iha kontinente Aziátiku tomak no halo tiha ona tan neʼe, iha India (65.9%), Indonézia (62.22%), no nasaun Médiu-Orientál barak. Iha kuaze metade hosi país Europeu, galaxy Android iha proporsaun merkadu maioria. Xina mak exesaun ida ba iha boot nasaun iha Android ne phablets (klasifika hanesan smartphones no hanesan iha dimensaun galaxy) mak populár liu galaxy Android ka iPads.

Husi fulan-Marsu tinan 2016, Infoworld hateten galaxy Android smartphones bele sai nudar "loloos ó-nia negósiu [.] ema la iha razaun ida atu kontinua Android iha durasaun liman nian. Ida agora ne'e hanesan integrál ba ita-nia portofoliu móvel hanesan devices iOS Apple nian"no sira iha"negósiu terseira klase apps", la ' ós de'it"OK ba email". Iha tinan 2015, sira hateten katak "Microsoft nia Eskritóriu UI mak di'ak liu kona-ba iOS no Android" duké iha Microsoft nian nain móvel app Kona ba.

Platform usage

[edita]

Dezenna iha seksaun ida ne'e fornese breakdowns versaun anteriór Android, bazeia ba devices ne ' ebé hetan ásesu ba Loja Halimar Google iha períodu loron hitu ida ne ' ebé remata iha loron 7, fulan Novembru tinan 2016. Tanba ne'e, dadus hirak ne'e esklui devices ne ' ebé suli forks Android oin-oin ne ' ebé la hetan asesu ba Loja Halimar Google, hanesan tablets.id Ahi Amazon nian"duké iha Microsoft nian nain móvel app Kona ba.ore, these statistics exclude devices running various Android forks that do not access the Google Play Store, such as Amazon's Fire tablets.

Version Code name Release date API level DVM/ART Distribution First devices to run version
7.1 Nougat 000000002016-10-04-0000October 4, 2016 25 ART less than 0.1%
7.0 Nougat 000000002016-08-22-0000August 22, 2016 24 ART 0.3% Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P
6.0 Marshmallow 000000002015-10-05-0000October 5, 2015 23 ART 24.0% Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P
5.1 Lollipop 000000002015-03-09-0000March 9, 2015 22 ART 22.8% Android One
5.0 000000002014-11-03-0000November 3, 2014 21 ART 2.1.0 11.3% Nexus 6
4.4 KitKat 000000002013-10-31-0000October 31, 2013 19 DVM (and ART 1.6.0) 25.2% Nexus 5
4.3 Jelly Bean 000000002013-07-24-0000July 24, 2013 18 DVM 2.0% Nexus 7 2013
4.2 000000002012-11-13-0000November 13, 2012 17 DVM 6.8% Nexus 4, Nexus 10
4.1 000000002012-07-09-0000July 9, 2012 16 DVM 4.9% Nexus 7
4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich 000000002011-12-16-0000December 16, 2011 15 DVM 1.3% Galaxy Nexus
2.3.3+ Gingerbread 000000002011-02-09-0000February 9, 2011 10 DVM 1.4.0 1.3% Nexus S
2.2 Froyo 000000002010-05-20-0000May 20, 2010 8 DVM 0.1% Droid 2

 Dezde fulan-Maiu tinan 2016, metade hosi devices iha ES OpenGL 3.0 ka aas liu.

Aplikasaun pirataria

[edita]

Iha jerál, kandidatura Android vensimentu bele fasil atu hetan pirated. Iha entrevista Maiu 2012 ida ho Eurogamer, developers nian Futubol Jerente haktuir katak, proporsaun hosi ajente pirated vs lejítimu jogadór 9:1 ba Handheld Jerente Futubol game. Maski nune'e, developer hotu la konkorda ona katak numeru pirataria mak hanesan problema ida; pur ezemplu, iha fulan-Jullu 2012 developers kona-ba game Wind-up Knight hateten katak nivel pirataria sira mós iha deit 12% no pirataria ne'e barak liu ne ' ebé mai hosi Xina, ne ' ebé iha fatin neʼebé ema la bele sosa apps husi Google sira Halo.

Iha tinan 2010, Google fó sai iha instrumentu ida hodi halo validasaun ba kompras autorizasaun ba uza iha laran apps, maibé developers kesar katak ida-neʼe la sufisiente no neʼebé kiʼik crack. Google responde katak ferramenta, liu-liu ninia inisiál imprensa, ne'e destina nu'udar kuadru amostra ba developers modifika no harii ba depende ba sira-nia nesesidade, la hanesan solusaun pirataria hotu ona. Android "Jelly Bean" introdús kapasidade ba kandidatura sira ne ' ebé pagamentu ba encrypted, nuneʼe sira bele servisu de'it kona-ba pesoal sira ne ' ebé ne sira mak sosa ona. [94][95]

Asuntu sira ne ' ebé legál

[edita]

Android no Android telefone manufacturers envolve tiha ona iha proseu legal patent lubuk ida. Iha loron 12 fulan Agostu tinan 2010, Oracle de'it Google kona-ba violasaun reklama copyrights no patente ne ' ebé mak iha relasaun ho Java ba programa sira-nia lian. Orijinalmente oracle buka estragus to'o biliaun $6.1, maibé avaliasaun ida ne'e hetan rejeisaun Estadus Unidus federál, juís ne ' ebé husu Oracle atu apresia ba estimativa. Iha resposta, Google aprezenta liña oin-oin kona-ba defeza, ne ' ebé counterclaiming Android la infringe kona-ba Oracle nian prezidente ka direitu autór, prezidente Oracle neʼe mak folin-laek, no seluk defenses oin-oin. Sira dehan katak Android nia Java runtime ambiente ne'e, bazeia ba Apache Armonia, implementasaun sala clean biblioteka klase Java, no makina virtual dezenvolvidu independente ida naran Dalvik. Iha fulan-Maiu tinan 2012, juri iha kazu ida ne'e hetan katak Google la infringe kona-ba prezidente Oracle nian, no tesi-lia naʼin julgamentu ne ' ebé ukun katak estrutura APIs Java ne ' ebé uza hosi Google ne'e la copyrightable. Parte sira konkorda atu zero dolar iha estragus estatutária ba montante ida ne ' ebé ki'ik ba kódigu copied. Iha loron 9 fulan-Maiu tinan 2014, Knua Federál parsialmente bá tribunál distritál ukun, ukun favor Oracle nian kona-ba asuntu copyrightability no remanding kestaun kona-ba utilizasaun ne ' ebé justu ba tribunál distritál. [96][97]

Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2015, Google anunsia katak imprensa boot tuirmai Android (Android Nougat) sei muda OpenJDK, ne ' ebé mak ofisiál fonte-nakloke implementasaun kona-ba plataforma Java, duké uza projetu Armonia Apache discontinued agora hanesan ninia runtime. Kódigu ne'ebe refleta mudansa ida ne'e hetan mós kolokasaun ba repository fonte AOSP. Iha ninia anúnsiu, Google reklama ida-ne'e mak halo parte iha esforsu ida atu kria ida "komún kódigu baze" entre Java kona-ba plataforma Android no seluk. Google admitidu tiha iha ida tribunál liu katak ida-neʼe halo parte iha esforsu ida atu rezolve disputa ho Oracle, hanesan uza ba kódigu OpenJDK mak regula tuir ba GNU Jerál Públiku Lisensa (GPL) ho esesaun ida-ne ' ebé linking, no katak "kualkér estragus reklamasaun ne ' ebé relasiona ho iha versaun anteriór foun, ne ' ebé klaru lisensa husi Oracle tuir OpenJDK sei presiza análize ida ne ' ebé separadu kona-ba estragus husi imprensa ne ' ebé uluk". Iha fulan-Juñu tinan 2016, tribunál federál Estadus Unidus ukun na'in Google, ne ' ebé hateten katak nia uza APIs ba neʼe, uza ne ' ebé justu. [98]

Idistrito hatutan tan ba kazu kontra Google diretamente, prokurasaun oin-oin ne ' ebé funu iha ona median hasoru Android integra ho tarjetu ba manufacturers Android devices, ho efeitu manufacturers discouraging husi adosaun plataforma hodi aumenta kustu lori pesoal Android ida ba merkadu. Apple no Microsoft iha de'it manufacturers oin-oin ba violasaun patent, ho Apple nian asaun jurídika kontinua hasoru Tablet ne ' ebé hetan kazu liu-liu aas-perfíl ida. Iha fulan Outubru 2011, Microsoft dehan sira iha asina akordu lisensa patent ho Android sanulu pesoal manufacturers, sé-nia konsiderasaun ba produtu sira kona-ba "70% iha estadus unidus". no reseita mundiál ba Android devices 55%. Ne'e inklui Tablet no HTC. Akordu patent Tablet nian ho Microsoft inklui akordu ida hodi aloka rekursu barak hodi dezenvolve no komersializasaun laiha telefone tiha Telefone Kona halai Microsoft nia sistema operasaun. Microsoft ona mós kesi nia rasik software Android ba lisensa patent, presiza bundling kandidatura Microsoft Eskritóriu Móvel no Skype Android devices kona-ba fó subsídiu ba onoráriu lisensiamentu, enkuantu iha ajuda tempu hanesan atu promove ninia liña software.[99][100]

Google públiku hatudu ona ninia frustrasaun ba regular patent atuál iha Estadus Unidus, duun Apple, Oracle no Microsoft koko atu lori tun Android liuhosi litigasaun patent, duké innovating no kompetisaun ho produtu no servisu di'ak liu. Iha fulan Setembru tinan 2011, Google sosa Mobilidade Motorola ba US$ 12.5 billaun, ne ' ebé mak haree iha parte hanesan medida ida-ne ' ebé defensive atu proteje Android, tanba Mobilidade Motorola hala'o prezidente 17,000 liu. Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2011, Google sosa kona-ba prezidente rihun ida husi IBM.[101]

Iha tinan 2013, FairSearch, organizasaun lobbying ne ' ebé hetan apoiu husi Microsoft, Oracle no ema seluk, sira aprezenta kesar kona-ba Android ho Komisaun Europeia nian, ne ' ebé grupu katak ninia modelu distribuisaun livre-nian-gratuitu proessu anti-kompetitivu predatory presu sira. Ne'e Livre Software Fundasaun Europa, doadór sira-nia inklui Google, disputa alegasoens Fairsearch. Iha loron 20, fulan Abril tinan 2016, UE aprezenta formál antitrust keixa ida kontra Google ne ' ebé bazeia ba alegasoens FairSearch, haksesuk-malu katak ninia vantajen ba fornesedores Android, ne ' ebé inklui obrigatóriu bundling nian suite tomak kona-ba instalasaun Google compete, hindering kapasidade ba fornesedór buka malu atu bele integra Android, no enkuantu limiti fornesedores sira husi realizasaun devices ne ' ebé suli forks Android, proessu prátika anti-kompetitivu. [102]

Uza seluk

[edita]
 Ouya console mós vídeo ida ne ' ebé halai Android

Natureza nakloke no customizable Android permite atu uza ba eletrónika seluk mos smartphones no galaxy, ne ' ebé inklui laptops no netbooks, smartbooks, nomós TVs (Android TV, Google TV) no cctv maior parte (N.e. Galaxy Camera). Aleinde ne'e, sistema operasaun Android haree ona kandidatura kona-ba nomós glasses (Google fó Kopu), smartwatches, headphones, ajente CD no DVD kareta, mirrors, ajente doasaun komunikasaun sosiál, fiksu no Lian kona-ba uzu ba telefoni IP. Ouya console mós vídeo ida halai Android, sai ba ema ida kona-ba kampaña Kickstarter susesu liu, crowdfunding US$ 8. 5m ba ninia dezenvolvimentu, no depois tuir kedas ho seluk bazeia ba Android consoles, hanesan Nvidia nia Shield Doasaun – pesoal ida ne ' ebé Android iha mós vídeo controller forma fatór.[103]

Iha tinan 2011, Google hatudu "Android@Home", teknolojia automation uma ida ne ' ebé uza Android atu kontrola devices uma-kain sira ne ' ebé inklui switches naroman, poder sockets no thermostats lubuk ida. Prototype naroman bulbs sira fó sai katak bele kontrola husi ida telefone Android ka ai-kabelak, maibé xefe Android Andy Rubin nia an atu nota katak "hasees-an lightbulb ida kona-ba no pontu buat ida ne ' ebé foun", la hatudu ba lubuk ida servisu automation uma. Google, nia dehan, nia hanoin liu ambitiously no intensaun mak atu uza sira-nia pozisaun hanesan kalohan servisu nian ba fornesedór sira atu hatama produtu Google ba kliente sira-nia uma.[104][105]

Parrot unveiled kareta ne ' ebé bazeia ba Android stereo sistema ida koñesidu hanesan Asteroid iha tinan 2011, tuir fali susesór ida, ne'e bazeia ba touchscreen Asteroid Nomós, iha tinan 2012. Iha tinan 2013, Clarion fó rasik kareta ne ' ebé bazeia ba Android stereo, AX1 nian. Iha fulan-Janeiru tinan 2014, iha ba Konsumidór Eletrónika Hatudu (CES), Google anunsia formasaun Nakloke Automotive Aliansa nian, grupu ida, inklui na'in automobile boot (Audi, Truk en-Jerál, Hyundai no Honda) no Nvidia, ne ' ebé hakarak atu prodús Android bazeia ba iha sistema halimar kareta la'o ba oin-oin, "[lori] di'ak Android ba automobile ne'e ho maneira ida ne ' ebé seguru no seamless."[106]

Iha loron 18 fulan-Marsu tinan 2014, Google anunsia Android Uza, hanesan bazeia ba Android plataforma espesifikamente iha intensaun smartwatches no devices wearable seluk; de'it ida developer preview halo disponibiliza. Ida-ne'e tuir kedas ho unveiling rua Android Taka-bazeia ba devices, LG G Hadeer no Moto 360.[107]

Iha loron 25, fulan-Juñu tinan 2014, iha Google I/O, anunsia katak TV Android, plataforma TV Nomós ida, ne'e muda TV Google fo-sai tiha ona. Google mós anunsia Android Auto ba uza iha karreta. [108]

Android mai preinstalled kona-ba laptops balun (functionality ida ne ' ebé hanesan kona-bá kandidatura Android ne'e mós iha OS Chrome Google nian), no bele sai tiha ona mós kona-ba komputadór pesoal husi uzuáriu nia rohan. Kona-ba plataforma sira Android fornese functionality adisionál keyboards fíziku no mice, hamutuk ho teatru xave "Alt-Tab" ba switching kandidatura lalais ho keyboard ida. Iha fulan-Dezembru tinan 2014, reviewer ida komenta "katak sistema notifikasaun Android nian vastly liu kompletu no forte liu iha liu", no katak Android "absolutamente uza" hanesan ema ida mak operasaun sistema desktop prinsipál.[109]

Iha fulan-Outubru tinan 2015, The Journal Estrada Didin relata katak Android sei serve hanesan Google nia futuru laptop prinsipál operasaun sistema, ho planu atu fold Chrome OS ba ida-neʼe husi tinan 2017. Sundar Pichai Google nian, ne ' ebé lori ba dezenvolvimentu Android, esplika katak "móvel hanesan paradigma computing ida mak ikusmai sei blend ho saida mak ita hanoin hanesan desktop ohin." no iha tinan 2009, Google ko fundadór Brin Sergey rasik hatete katak Chrome OS no Android sei "karik converge tempu ba tempu." Lockheimer, ne ' ebé substitui Pichai nu'udar xefe Android no Chrome OS, responde ba reklamasaun ne'e hanesan ofisiál Google blog post hateten katak "Bainhira ita atividade servisu kona-ba dalan atu lori hamutuk di'ak liu kona-ba sistema operasaun rua ne'e, katak laiha planu atu retira Chrome OS [ne'ebe iha] garante auto-aktualizasaun ba tinan lima nia laran". Ida ne'e mak la hanesan ho fatin Android apoiu ne'e badak ho "data EOL [sai …] pelumenus tinan 3 [ba futuru] ba galaxy Android ba edukasaun".l..[110]

See also

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Notes

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References

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