Iktiosauru

Iktiosauru (Lia-portugés: Ictiossauro, Lia-inglés: Ichthyosauria, Lia-latin: Ichthyopterygia) sira maka grupu ida hosi réptil sira ne'ebé mate ona hosi Era Mezozóiku. Sira adapta kompletamente ba moris akuátiku no moris eskluzivamente iha tasi. Maizumenus espésie ualu-nulu maka deskreve ona. Iktiosauru dahuluk mosu iha tinan millaun 250 liubá iha períodu Triásiku. Ida ikus mate iha períodu Cenomanian nia rohan, tinan millaun 93 liubá.

Iha tinan 2021, fósil sira hosi Iktiosauru ida hetan iha foho Lesululi (suco Meligo, munisípiu Bobonaro) iha Timór Lorosa'e.^[1] Ida-ne'e kalkula katak iha tinan millaun 208^[2] no hanesan deskoberta dahuluk hosi iktiosauru ida iha súl hosi liña ekuadór.^[3]

Naran nia orijen

Iktiosauru mai hosi lian Gregu antigu no signifika lagartu ikan (ἰχθύς ichthys ‘ikan’ no σαῦρος sauros ‘lagartu’). Iktiosauru inklui forma hotu-hotu ne'ebé maka iha relasaun besik liu ho Ikthyosaurus duké ho Grippia.^[4]

Sistemátika

Iktiosauru sira la'ós dinozauru sira. Sira nia bei'ala sira diferente hosi dinozauru sira no réptil sira seluk.

Réptil (Reptilia)
- † Parareptilia
- Diapsida
  - Lenuk (Testudinata)
  - Neodiapsida
    - † Younginiformes
    - † Iktiosauru (Ichthyopterygia)
    - Sauria sensu
      - Lepidosauromorpha (Squamates, Tuataras), inklui Teki liras, Teki, Mamór, Samea no Lafaek rai-mara
      - Archosauromorpha
        Archosauriformes
        † Proterosuchidae
        
        † Erythrosuchidae
        
        † Euparkeriidae
        
        Avesuchia
        † Turfanosuchus
        
        † Proterochampsidae
        
        Arkosauru (Archosauria)
        Crurotarsi
        † Phytosauridae
        
        † Stagonolepididae
        
        † Ornithosuchidae
        
        † Rauisuchia
        
        Crocodylomorpha, inklui Lafaek (Crocodylia)
        
        Ornithodira
        † Pterosauru (Pterosauria)
        
        Dinosauromorpha
        † Lagerpeton
        
        Dinosauriformes
        † Marasuchus
        
        Dinosauru, inklui Manu

Karakteristiku

Iktiosauru sira maka reptil sira no uluk pertense ba vertebradu rai-maran sira. Maibé, sira nia bei-ala sira fila fali ba bee. Sira nia sintu oklu nian la fuze ba kakutak hanesan iha ikan, no sira nia aleta sira iha ruin liman-fuan leten no kraik ne'ebé bele distinge, ruin karpál, no ruin liman-fuan nian. Hanesan réptil diápsidu sira seluk, sira iha fenestra kraniál, fenestra temporál superiór. Fenestra temporál inferiór sira ne'ebé prezente iha diápsida sira seluk taka sekundáriamente.^[4]

Iktiosauru bele sai naruk to'o metru ida (Mixosaurus) ka liu metru ruanulu (Shonisaurus). Fragmentu ruin ida ne'ebé deskobre iha tinan 2016 iha Triásiku Superiór hosi Lilstock, Inglaterra, identifika hanesan parte hosi kidun kraik hosi Iktiosauru boot ida. Komprimentu totál hosi animál ne'ebé ruin ne'e pertense ba hetan estimasaun ho kuidadu maizumenus metru 20 to'o 25 iha publikasaun ida iha tinan 2018 uza métodu komparativu oioin, signifika katak Iktiosauru boot liu atinji baleia azul nia naruk.^[5]

Iktiosauru hotu-hotu iha liman-ain hanesan aleta. Hirak-ne'e muda maka'as iha tempu hodi adapta ba sira nia ambiente akuátiku. Ruin sira hosi ain-fuan sira sai badak no luan nu'udar rezultadu hosi evolusaun. Iha tempu hanesan, númeru ruin liman-fuan nian aumenta. Depois liman-fuan dahuluk hosi liman-fuan lima (ne'ebé koresponde ba ema nia liman-fuan boot) lakon. Hafoin, númeru liman-fuan sira nian aumenta iha liman-fuan sira seluk nia sorin rua. Ain-fuan sira iha oin provavelmente uza de'it ba diresaun no muda diresaun, enkuantu propulsaun iha forma primitivu sira maka hamosu hosi movimentu isin nian ne'ebé maka hanesan ikan-belu, no iha forma avansadu liu hosi baku sira iha ikun-ikun. Paleontólogu balu mós sujere propulsaun liuhosi liman-ain sira, maibé sintu oklu nian hosi iktiosauru sira ladún forte, tanba fraku liu duké vertebradu sira ne'ebé movimenta ho maneira ida-ne'e.^[6]

Sira nia matan boot tebes no sira bele haree di'ak tebes iha nakukun laran.^[7] Ho sira nia matan ne'ebé boot, sira bele buka ai-han iha tasi nia klean.^[8]

Dieta husi Iktiosauru avansadu balu hatene husi sira nia balada nia ruin ne'ebé hetan iha sira nia estómagu. Liuliu, kail sira iha belemnites nia tentakulu no ikan nia eskala sira prezerva ona. Iktiosauru ne'ebé boot tebes, hanesan Temnodontosaurus ho naruk metru sanulu, mós han vertebradu sira seluk. Iha fósil ida hosi Kretáseu Tarde Austrália nian, hetan lenuk joven barak no manu ida iha área estómagu nian.^[9]^[10] Forma sira tuirmai, hanesan Ophthalmosaurus, iha kidan badak no maka'as, nehan ne'ebé mamuk, no provavelmente han animál sira ho kulit toos hanesan molusku ka ammonita. Ammonita sira ne'e kaer antes atu ko'us, no koncha sira soe sai.^[11]

Reprodusaun

Iktiosauru labele ona rasta ba rai no tau oan sira. Sira maka vivipar no provavelmente mai hosi bei'ala sira ne'ebé moris.^[12] Hetan ona fósil liu 50, balun iha oan to'o sanulu-resin-ida iha inan nia ruin-kotuk. Hanesan ho golfinu sira, oan sira moris ho ikun uluk, hodi permite sira atu to'o lalais iha superfísie hodi dada iis dahuluk.^[10]

Estinsaun

Iktiosauru sai estintu iha faze rua. Iha inísiu Cenomanian nian (maizumenus tinan 100.5 to'o maizumenus tinan millaun 93.9 liubá), espesialista sira ba presa ne'ebé kmaan no omnívoru sira mate hotu. Predadór sira de'it maka hela.^[13] Iha períodu Cenomanian nia rohan, konteúdu oksijéniu iha tasi sira tun maka'as. Eventu ida-ne'e koñesidu hanesan eventu anoxia oseánika. Platypterygius hercynicus de'it maka moris iha eventu ne'e, maibé nia mós ikusmai sai estintu iha tinan millaun 93 liubá.^[14] Razaun sira ba estinsaun inklui mudansa sira iha ambiente no klima.^[13]^[15] Kompetisaun husi grupu animál sira seluk provavelmente ladún sai razaun ida. Mudansa ekolojia sira afeta padraun migrasaun, disponibilidade ai-han, no fatin sira ba desova. Períodu ida-ne'e mós haree estinsaun ba animál tasi nian barak seluk, hanesan mikroplankton, amonita, belemnita, no bivalve sira ne'ebé harii tasi-ibun.^[13]

Ligasaun ba li'ur

Commons

Commons: Iktiosauru – Imajen sira

Referensia

↑ IGTL - Instituto de Geociências de Timor-Leste: 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚çã𝐨 𝐛𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐡𝐚 𝐂𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐨, 𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜í𝐩𝐢𝐨 𝐁𝐨𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐨, 𝐬𝐨𝐛𝐫𝐞 𝐟ó𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐢𝐬 𝐫é𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐨𝐬 (𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐭𝐡𝐲𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐬), 19. Oktober 2024, abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2024.
↑ Filomeno Martins: President Ramos-Horta visits 208-million-year-old Ichthyosaurus fossil in Cailaco. 2026-04-09, TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste.
↑ Arminda Fonseca Pinto: Xanana hala’o vizita-haree direta Fósil Iktosauru iha Foho Lesululi Kailaku, Tatoli.
1 2 Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Note, University of California, Berkeley<.
↑ Dean R. Lomax, Paul De la Salle, Judy A. Massare, Ramues Gallois: A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff ‘dinosaurian’ bones, p. e0194742, PLOS ONE, vol. 13, no. 4, 2018, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194742.
↑ Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Forefin Archived 2018-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.
↑ Ryosuke Motani: Räuber im Jurameer. Spektrum der Wissenschaft Dossier 1/05: Tiere der Urzeit. p. 24–31, ISSN 0947-7934.
↑ Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Diving Behaviors of Ichthyosaurs Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.
↑ Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Diets of Ichthyosaurs Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.
1 2 Michael J. Benton: Paläontologie der Wirbeltiere.. p. 263f., 3. Aufl., Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 2007, ISBN 3-89937-072-4.
↑ Richard Ellis: Sea Dragons., p. 87, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence KS 2003, ISBN 0-7006-1269-6.
↑ Ryosuke Motani, Da-Yong Jiang, Andrea Tintori, Olivier Rieppel, Guan-Bao Chen: Terrestrial Origin of Viviparity in Mesozoic Marine Reptiles Indicated by Early Triassic Embryonic Fossils. PLoS ONE. Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014, e88640, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088640.
1 2 3 Fischer, V.; Bardet, N.; Benson, R. B. J.; Arkhangelsky, M. S.; Friedman, M. (2016-03-08). "Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility". Nature Communications. 7 10825. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710825F. doi:10.1038/ncomms10825. PMC 4786747. PMID 26953824.
↑ Fischer, V.; Maisch, M.W.; Naish, D.; Kosma, R.; Liston, J.; Joger, U.; Krüger, F.J.; Pardo Pérez, J.; Tainsh, J.; Appleby, R.M. (2012). "New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (1) e29234. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729234F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234. PMC 3250416. PMID 22235274.
↑ Fischer, V.; Clément, A.; Guiomar, M.; Godefroit, P. (2011). "'Rigid Swimmer' and the Cretaceous Ichthyosaur Revolution (part I)". Cretaceous Research. 32: 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.11.005. hdl:2268/79923. S2CID 45794618.

[1] IGTL - Instituto de Geociências de Timor-Leste: 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚çã𝐨 𝐛𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐡𝐚 𝐂𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐨, 𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜í𝐩𝐢𝐨 𝐁𝐨𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐨, 𝐬𝐨𝐛𝐫𝐞 𝐟ó𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐢𝐬 𝐫é𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐨𝐬 (𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐭𝐡𝐲𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐬), 19. Oktober 2024, abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2024.

[2] Filomeno Martins: President Ramos-Horta visits 208-million-year-old Ichthyosaurus fossil in Cailaco. 2026-04-09, TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste.

[3] Arminda Fonseca Pinto: Xanana hala’o vizita-haree direta Fósil Iktosauru iha Foho Lesululi Kailaku, Tatoli.

[Motanis_notes-4] 1 2 Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Note, University of California, Berkeley<.

[5] Dean R. Lomax, Paul De la Salle, Judy A. Massare, Ramues Gallois: A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff ‘dinosaurian’ bones, p. e0194742, PLOS ONE, vol. 13, no. 4, 2018, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194742.

[6] Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Forefin Archived 2018-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.

[Motani-7] Ryosuke Motani: Räuber im Jurameer. Spektrum der Wissenschaft Dossier 1/05: Tiere der Urzeit. p. 24–31, ISSN 0947-7934.

[8] Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Diving Behaviors of Ichthyosaurs Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.

[9] Ryosuke Motanis Ichthyosaur Page – Diets of Ichthyosaurs Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley.

[Benton-10] 1 2 Michael J. Benton: Paläontologie der Wirbeltiere.. p. 263f., 3. Aufl., Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 2007, ISBN 3-89937-072-4.

[Ellis,_Seite_87-11] Richard Ellis: Sea Dragons., p. 87, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence KS 2003, ISBN 0-7006-1269-6.

[Motani_etal.-12] Ryosuke Motani, Da-Yong Jiang, Andrea Tintori, Olivier Rieppel, Guan-Bao Chen: Terrestrial Origin of Viviparity in Mesozoic Marine Reptiles Indicated by Early Triassic Embryonic Fossils. PLoS ONE. Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014, e88640, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088640.

[Fischer2016-13] 1 2 3 Fischer, V.; Bardet, N.; Benson, R. B. J.; Arkhangelsky, M. S.; Friedman, M. (2016-03-08). "Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility". Nature Communications. 7 10825. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710825F. doi:10.1038/ncomms10825. PMC 4786747. PMID 26953824.

[14] Fischer, V.; Maisch, M.W.; Naish, D.; Kosma, R.; Liston, J.; Joger, U.; Krüger, F.J.; Pardo Pérez, J.; Tainsh, J.; Appleby, R.M. (2012). "New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (1) e29234. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729234F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234. PMC 3250416. PMID 22235274.

[15] Fischer, V.; Clément, A.; Guiomar, M.; Godefroit, P. (2011). "'Rigid Swimmer' and the Cretaceous Ichthyosaur Revolution (part I)". Cretaceous Research. 32: 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.11.005. hdl:2268/79923. S2CID 45794618.

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